Summary of Matthew Arnold's Literary Criticism

Matthew Arnold (1822–1888) was a significant figure in Victorian literature, known for his work as a poet, critic, and cultural commentator. His literary criticism reflects his belief in the moral and social function of literature, emphasizing the importance of high culture and intellectual excellence. Below are the core principles of his literary criticism:

The Function of Criticism

Arnold argued that the primary role of criticism is to promote the best ideas and values of a culture. In his essay The Function of Criticism at the Present Time (1865), he described criticism as a disinterested pursuit of truth. He believed criticism should aim to identify and evaluate the best works, fostering an environment where intellectual ideas thrive.

Literature as a Source of Moral Guidance

Arnold viewed literature as a means to shape society and elevate moral standards. He believed poetry, in particular, could replace religion as a guiding force in modern life. For Arnold, the "best" literature helps individuals understand universal truths and contributes to personal and societal improvement.

Touchstone Method

In The Study of Poetry (1880), Arnold introduced the "touchstone method" for evaluating literary works. He suggested comparing passages from contemporary works with passages from the acknowledged greats of the past (like Homer, Dante, and Shakespeare). This method aimed to measure literary quality based on established excellence.

Critique of English Literature

Arnold often criticized English literature for lacking intellectual rigor and moral seriousness. He admired classical Greek and French literature for their clarity, discipline, and adherence to high ideals. Arnold sought to inspire English writers to pursue a higher standard of artistic and moral achievement.

Culture and Anarchy

In his prose work Culture and Anarchy (1869), Arnold expanded on his ideas about the role of culture in society. He defined culture as "the pursuit of perfection" and emphasized its importance in countering societal chaos. He argued that literature and the arts are essential for cultivating a harmonious and enlightened society.

Legacy

Matthew Arnold’s literary criticism laid the groundwork for modern approaches to evaluating literature. His insistence on the moral and intellectual value of great works continues to influence critical theory. While some have critiqued his methods as overly subjective or moralistic, his ideas underscore the enduring belief in literature's power to shape and improve human life.